Sam's Laser FAQ, Copyright © 1994-2022,
Samuel M. Goldwasser, All Rights Reserved.
I may be contacted via the
Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ
Email Links Page.
<==== Sam's Laser FAQ ====>
Comprehensive Table of Contents
Links to Every Chapter and Section
(03-Jan-21)
Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is permitted
if both of the following conditions are satisfied:
- This notice is included in its entirety at the beginning.
- There is no charge except to cover the costs of copying.
Introduction
This is a machine (script) generated set of links to every chapter and section
of Sam's Laser FAQ. Searching from within your Web browser (e.g., CTRL-F in
Netscape) will enable you to go direct to whatever it is that interests you
without dealing with all the intermediate steps. OK, so this may not be as
good as a real search engine but should be better than nothing. If someone
wants to volunteer to adapt an existing utility to do this in a more
sophisticated way, I won't object too strenuously. However, it must be a
program or script that runs locally on any likely host OS and there must not
be any advertising. :) (Note: Some systems apparently will not support cgi
scripts due to security issues.)
Note that the
Drexel Mirror
Site does include a search engine for the entire S.E.R FAQ so that
may be preferred.
In order to guarantee compatibility, the version number of this file
(lasertoc.htm) and the one in Sam's Laser FAQ Welcome
Page must be the same.
The Three Letter Abbreviations (TLAs) :-) on each link line below refer to the
last three letters of the name of the file containing the specific chapter or
section. Chapters and the start of major sections are in bold face;
others are in normal type and their links are indented.
Note: The links below open up a single new browser window
so the Comprehensive Table of Contents will remain present, sort of like
flexible frames. Comments, pro or con, welcome.
Welcome Page, Expanded ToC, Comprehensive ToC
Sam's Laser FAQ Main Table of Contents
- FAQ: Foreword - How Sam's Laser FAQ evolved into what it is today and other tid-bits.
- FAQ: Preface - Author & copyright, DISCLAIMER, acknowledgments, requests.
- FAQ: Introduction - Scope, purpose, and organization of this document, related information.
- FAQ: What is a Laser and How Does It Work? - The laser age, principles, types, on-line tutorial, lasers as a hobby.
- SAF: Laser Safety - Hazards to vision, other issues, 100 W light bulb versus 1 mW laser, safety classifications, links.
- IOI: Items of Interest - Laser power meters, Fabry-Perot and DFB types, wavelengths, speckle, collimation, etc.
- LIA: Laser Instruments and Applications - Rangefinders, interferometers, gyros, light shows, laser TV, Fourier optics.
- EXP: Laser Experiments and Projects - Basic to advanced including diffraction, interference, holography, display, more.
- LIR: Laser Information Resources - Books, magazines, collections, patents; Web newsgroups, lists, forums, links.
- LPS: Laser and Parts Sources - Walk-in, mail order, high quality, surplus, component and system manufacturers.
- DIO: Diode Lasers - Basic considerations, visible and IR (e.g., from CD player) types, testing, visibility, collimation.
- DPS: Diode Laser Power Supplies - Drive requirements, modulation, sample circuits for low and high power devices.
- HEN: Helium-Neon Lasers - Theory (simple), operation, sealed tube structure, characteristics, power requirements.
- HCL: Commercial Unstabilized HeNe Lasers - Specific models from Melles Griot, Spectra-Physics, Coherent, more.
- HSL: Stabilized HeNe Lasers - Intrinsic and extrinsic locking techniques, performance, design, implementation, testing.
- HST: Commercial Stabilized HeNe Lasers - Specific Models from Hewlett Packard/Agilent, Zygo, Teletrac/Axsys, more.
- HTR: HeNe Laser Testing, Adjustment, Repair - Problems, testing, mirror alignment, collimation, polarization, refilling.
- HPS: HeNe Laser Power Supplies - Requirements, types, plug-n-lase, matching tube to PS, testing, problems, repair.
- HPD: HeNe Laser Power Supply Design - AC line powered, low voltage inverters, starters, regulators, modulators.
- HSC: Complete HeNe Laser Power Supply Schematics - more than 35 AC line and 25 inverter types, most you can build.
- ARG: Argon/Krypton Ion Lasers - General features and characteristics, basic power requirements, specific examples.
- ATR: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Testing, Maintenance, Repair - Tube life, problems, testing, general maintenance, alignment.
- APS: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supplies - Basic requirements, types, specific safety issues, testing, problems, repair.
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Design - AC line front-ends, igniters, linear and switchmode regulators, protection.
- ASC: Complete Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Schematics - Both linear and switching types using common parts.
- CO2: Carbon Dioxide Lasers - Characteristics and requirements, applications, small sealed tubes, gas fill, optics.
- HEC: Helium-Cadmium Lasers - Characteristics, power supplies, HeCd laser head and PSU troubleshooting.
- SSL: Solid State Lasers - Characteristics, types, pulsed/CW, Q-switching, frequency changing, common SS lasers.
- SCL: Commercial SS Lasers - Hughes M60, SSY1, C215/315/415M, C532, uGreen, MG-BLD/GSD, LWE-221, more.
- STR: SS Laser Testing, Adjustment, Repair - Cleaning, cooling, alignment, tuning, beam quality and energy.
- SPS: SS Laser Power Supplies - Capacitor chargers, PFNs, PSUs using photoflash units, sources for special parts.
- SSC: Complete SS Laser Power Supply Schematics - Circuits for the Hughes ruby and YAG lasers, uYAG, more.
- CON: Amateur Laser Construction - Resources, safety, the home laser lab, supplies, vacuums, glass working, more.
- CVA: Vacuum Technology for Home-Built Gas Lasers - Vacuum basics, pumps, gauges, components, testing, repair.
- CLP: The Home-Built Laser Assembly and Power Supply - Structure, optics, mirror mounts, electrical components.
- CLT: Home-Built Laser Types, Information, and Links - Introduction to laser descriptions and "Light and its Uses".
- CHN: Home-Built Helium-Neon (HeNe) Laser - Much like the original gas laser from 1962 produces a red beam.
- CAR: Home-Built Pulsed Argon and/or Krypton (Ar/Kr) Ion Laser - A similar gas laser produces multiple color beam.
- CC2: Home-Built Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser - High power (10 to 50 W or more) flowing gas infra-red laser.
- CN2: Home-Built Nitrogen (N2) Laser - Pulsed ultraviolet laser that is easy to construct without fancy equipment.
- CHG: Home-Built Helium-Mercury (HeHg) and Other He-Metal-Vapor Lasers - Operation at multiple visible wavelengths.
- CCB: Home-Built Copper Chloride (CuCl) and Copper Bromide (CuBr) Laser - Pulsed intense yellow and green beam.
- CDY: Home-Built Dye Laser - Generate almost any color of the spectrum depending on which chemical dye is used.
- CMG: Home-Built Pulsed Multiple Gas (PMG) Laser - Simple design uses O2, Xe, Ar, Kr, or Ne; maybe even plain air.
- CPS: Home-Built Pulsed Solid State (PSS) Laser - Basic ruby or Nd:YAG laser system using flashlamp pumping.
- CDS: Home-Built Diode Pumped Solid State (DPSS) Laser - Vanadate with KTP SHG for 1 mW to 5 W green output.
Preface, Introduction, What is a Laser?, Laser Safety
Laser Safety
Items of Interest
- IOI: Introduction to Items of Interest
- IOI: Brief Glossary of Common Laser Terms
- IOI: International System of Units (SI) Prefixes
- IOI: Web Site With Some Common Optical Calculations
- IOI: Laser Power, Photons, How Much Light?, Beam Profile
- IOI: About Laser Power Ratings
- IOI: Radiometry Primer: What is a Lumen, Lux, Nit, Candela?
- IOI: Conservation of Radiance
- IOI: So How Many Photons are Coming Out of My Laser?
- IOI: How Much Light Does a 5 W Laser Really Produce?
- IOI: How Dim a Laser Can be Seen by the Naked Eye?
- IOI: Laser Powered LEDs
- IOI: Pressure of Light
- IOI: Interaction of Beams of Light?
- IOI: Measuring the Beam Profile
- IOI: Photographing Laser Beams
- IOI: Laser Beam Power Inside and Outside the Laser
- IOI: Laser Power Meters
- IOI: What Makes a Laser Power Meter So Expensive?
- IOI: Types of Semiconductor Light Sensors
- IOI: Thermal Laser Power and Energy Meters
- IOI: Measuring Power of Short Pulses
- IOI: Extending the Range of a Laser Power Meter 1
- IOI: Extending the Range of a Laser Power Meter 2
- IOI: Home-Built Laser Power Meters
- IOI: Sam's Super Cheap and Dirty Laser Power Meter (SG-PM0)
- IOI: Simple Photodiode Sensor Units
- IOI: Sam's Photodiode Preamp 1 (SG-PP1)
- IOI: Sam's Dual Photodiode Preamp 1 (SG-PD1)
- IOI: Sam's Laser Power Meter 1 (SG-PM1)
- IOI: Sam's Laser Power Meter 2 (SG-PM2)
- IOI: Simple Laser Power Meter Using Photocell
- IOI: Comments on Home-Built Laser Power Meters
- IOI: Effect of Beam Size and Angle on Power Meter Reading
- IOI: Using a Photographic Exposure Meter as a Laser Power Meter
- IOI: Simple Thermal Laser Power Meters
- IOI: Photodetectors for Low Power Near-IR
- IOI: Commercial Laser Power Meters
- IOI: Coherent LaserCheck Hand-Held Laser Power Meter
- IOI: Repair of the Coherent LaserCheck
- IOI: Crash and Reboot of Coherent LaserCheck
- IOI: Coherent FieldMaster Laser Power and Energy Meter
- IOI: Spiricon MPE-2500 Laser Power and Energy Meter
- IOI: Newport Model 820 Laser Power Meter
- IOI: Sensor for a UDT Instruments Model 351 Power Meter
- IOI: Scientech Thermal Laser Power and Energy Meters
- IOI: EG&G Model 460-1A Laser Power Meter
- IOI: UDT Sensors Photops Photodiode/Preamp Hybrids
- IOI: Spectra-Physics Model 405 Pyroelectric Laser Power Meter
- IOI: Sper Scientific Model 840011 Pocket Laser Power Meter
- IOI: About Those IR Indicator Cards
- IOI: Gain, Stability, Efficiency, Life, FB versus DFB Laser
- IOI: Factors Affecting Laser Resonator Performance
- IOI: Common Laser Resonator Configurations
- IOI: Resonator Gain and Losses
- IOI: Resonator Stability
- IOI: Cavity Extension/FSR Reduction using Faraday Rotator
- IOI: Cavity Length Versus TEM00 Power
- IOI: Q Factor and Finesse of a Laser Resonator
- IOI: Laser System Efficiency
- IOI: Laser System Life
- IOI: Difference between Fabry-Perot and DFB lasers
- IOI: Ring Lasers
- IOI: What is Spatial Hole Burning?
- IOI: How to Determine Possible Lasing Wavelengths of a Laser Cavity
- IOI: Determining which Spectral Lines will Lase
- IOI: Changes to Spectra When Lasing is Present
- IOI: The Single Pass Gain Test
- IOI: Performing the Single Pass Gain Test
- IOI: Laser Relaxation Oscillations
- IOI: Pulsed/Average Power, Q-Switching, Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers
- IOI: Average Power from Pulsed Laser
- IOI: What is Q-Switching?
- IOI: Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers
- IOI: Air Breakdown
- IOI: Laser Optics
- IOI: Mirrors used for Lasers and Laser Applications
- IOI: Estimating Dielectric Mirror Spectral Reflectivity
- IOI: Commercial Laser Mirrors
- IOI: Melles Griot Laser Cavity Mirrors
- IOI: Spectra-Physics Laser Cavity Mirrors
- IOI: Adjustable Laser Mirror Mounts
- IOI: Mirrors for Ultra-Short Pulses
- IOI: Radioactive Laser Mirrors?
- IOI: Wavelength Selective Filters
- IOI: Neutral Density Filters
- IOI: What is a Brewster Window?
- IOI: George's Comments on Brewster Windows
- IOI: Index of Refraction and Brewster Angles for Various Materials
- IOI: Polarizing Materials and Optics
- IOI: Phil's Comments on Polarization
- IOI: Effects of Reflection on Polarization
- IOI: What is a Waveplate?
- IOI: Summary of Waveplate Behavior
- IOI: Adjustable QWP and HWP Waveplate Setup:
- IOI: Optical Isolators
- IOI: What is an Etalon?
- IOI: Perpendicular Uncoated Windows in a Low Gain Laser
- IOI: Why Laser Optics Collect Loads of Dust
- IOI: Variable Reflectance, Peak Wavelength, or Attenuation Using Dielectric Mirrors
- IOI: Comments on Optics for CW and Pulsed Lasers
- IOI: Laser Wavelengths
- IOI: Wavelengths of Some Common Lasers
- IOI: Dye Laser Dyes and Peak Emission Wavelengths
- IOI: What Determines the Wavelength of a Laser?
- IOI: Determining the Wavelength of a Laser
- IOI: Using a Diffraction Grating to Check Laser Wavelength(s)
- IOI: The Iodine Vapor Cell Wavelength Reference
- IOI: Spectral Differences Based on Isotope
- IOI: Wavelength versus Frequency
- IOI: Laser Visibility and Color
- IOI: Relative Visibility of Light at Various Wavelengths
- IOI: Comments on Beam Visibility
- IOI: Color Versus Wavelength
- IOI: Matching RGB Values to Wavelength
- IOI: Reproducing Visible Spectra
- IOI: Comments on Various Color Lasers
- IOI: Why Skyward-Directed Laser Beams Appear to Terminate in Mid-Air
- IOI: Using a Laser Pointer to Find Objects in the Night Sky
- IOI: Laser Beam Spectral and Other Effects
- IOI: Fluorescence in Common Materials
- IOI: Laser Light Reflects as Different Color(s)
- IOI: Laser Darkens Luminous Sign?
- IOI: The Bursting Balloon Inside a Balloon Trick
- IOI: Speckle, Coherence, Stability, Polarization, Noise
- IOI: What is Laser Speckle?
- IOI: Laser Speckle from Laser Pointer and Candle?
- IOI: Controlling Laser Speckle
- IOI: Reducing Laser Speckle in an Imaging System
- IOI: Comments on Spatial and Temporal Coherence
- IOI: Determining Coherence Length
- IOI: Testing a Laser for Single Frequency Operation
- IOI: Laser Instability
- IOI: Polarization
- IOI: Amplitude Noise
- IOI: Beam Collimation, Divergence, Focus
- IOI: How the Beam Diameter Varies with Distance
- IOI: Rayleigh Length
- IOI: What is M-Square (M2)?
- IOI: Modifying or Improving Collimation
- IOI: Problems with Laser Beam Divergence or Focus
- IOI: More on Laser Collimation and Focus
- IOI: Some Rules-of-Thumb for Spot Size and Divergence
- IOI: Coupling a Laser Beam into an Optical Fiber
- IOI: Laser Beam Profiles, Cleanup
- IOI: About Gaussian Beam Profiles
- IOI: Forcing a Laser to Produce a TEM00 Beam
- IOI: Possible Causes of Interference Patterns in Laser Beam
- IOI: Laser Beam Cleanup - the Spatial Filter
- IOI: More on Spatial Filters
- IOI: Laser Beam Splitting and Combining
- IOI: Splitting a Multiline Beam into its Individual Colors
- IOI: Combining Light from Multiple Lasers
- IOI: Heterodyning of Two Single Frequency Lasers
- IOI: Diffraction Gratings, Pattern Generation
- IOI: Diffraction Gratings
- IOI: Use of a CD, CDROM, CD-R, or DVD Disc as a Diffraction Grating
- IOI: Ken's CD and Other Diffractions Grating Tricks
- IOI: What About the Diffraction Grating in Optical Pickups?
- IOI: Cleaning Diffraction Gratings
- IOI: Generating Lines or Crosses of Light
- IOI: Projecting a 1-D or 2-D Grid of Dots or Lines
- IOI: Diffractive Pattern Generating Optics
- IOI: Additional Comments on Diffractive Pattern Generating Optics and DOEs in General
- IOI: Pattern Generation Using Conventional Optics
- IOI: Modulation and Deflection
- IOI: Acousto-Optic Modulators and Deflectors
- IOI: Testing a Surplus AOM
- IOI: The Dual Channel Xerox AOM
- IOI: Is There a Laser with Full Spectrum Wavelength Modulation?
- IOI: Full Color Modulation - The PCAOM
- IOI: Kerr Cell, Pockel's Cell, and Photo-Elastic Modulators
- IOI: Inexpensive Compact Piezo Modulator
- IOI: Spatial Light Modulators
- IOI: Comments on Mechanical Deflection
- IOI: Comments on High Speed Line and Raster Scanning
- IOI: The Photoelastic Modulator (PEM)
- IOI: Other Types of Lasers and Related Devices
- IOI: What About All Those Other Types of Lasers?
- IOI: How to Tell if It is a Laser?
- IOI: Whatever Happened to Masers?
- IOI: Excimer Lasers
- IOI: X-Ray Lasers
- IOI: Free Electron Lasers
- IOI: Optical Parametric Oscillators
- IOI: TEA HeNe or Ion Lasers?
- IOI: Titanium:Sapphire Lasers
- IOI: Raman Lasers
- IOI: Alkali Lasers
- IOI: Chemical Lasers
- IOI: Laser Myths and Fantasies
- IOI: Introduction to Laser Myths and Fantasies
- IOI: Some Common Myths of High Energy Weapons
- IOI: The Light Saber
- IOI: Laser Humor
- IOI: Introduction to Laser Humor
- IOI: The Ultimate Laser Pen
- IOI: Advertising using a Laser - On the Moon
- IOI: How Much Optical Power to Zap a Balloon or Bug?
- IOI: Phaser Quality Control
- IOI: Killing Flies (or Other Things) the Hard Way
- IOI: The High Tech Fly Immobilizer
- IOI: The Laser Physicist's Dictionary
- IOI: So You Think You Want to be an Optical (or Laser) Engineer
- IOI: How's This for a Useless Patent?
- IOI: Strange and Weird Things to do with a Laser
- IOI: What's in a Name?
- IOI: Tea Laser
- IOI: Victorian Nitrogen Laser
- IOI: Technopagan Blessing for a New HeNe Laser
- IOI: Using a HeNe Laser to Fix a Pitchfork
- IOI: Lasers in Movies (and TV)
- IOI: Assorted Photos and Cartoons
Laser Based Instruments and Applications
Laser Experiments and Projects
Laser Information Resources
Laser Parts Sources
- LPS: Where to Find Laser Equipment and Parts
- LPS: Sources for Everything from $5 Laser Diodes to $100,000 C02 Laser Welders
- LPS: Locating Laser Specifications
- LPS: Buyer Beware for Laser Purchases
- LPS: Some Tips for Sellers
- LPS: Packing Laser Equipment to Withstand Drunk 900 Pound Gorillas During Shipping
- LPS: Packing a Spectra-Physics Model 127 Laser
- LPS: Why Even the Best Packing May Not Be Sufficient
- LPS: Comments on Shipping/Export of Small Lasers
- LPS: New, Surplus, Walk-In, Mail Order, Kits/Plans (Commercial)
- LPS: Walk-In/Mail Order
- LPS: Mail Order/Web - Lasers, Laser Parts, Optics, Accessories
- LPS: Mail Order/Web - Electronics Surplus, Some Lasers - Varies from Month to Month
- LPS: Mail Order/Web - Electronic Components
- LPS: Electronic, Optics, and Laser Project Plans, Parts, Kits, Specialized Components
- LPS: High Quality New and Surplus
- LPS: Scrap and Salvage
- LPS: How to Get a Laser Without Really Trying - Part 1
- LPS: How to Get a Laser Without Really Trying - Part 2
- LPS: On-Line Sources (Non-Commercial)
- LPS: You Don't Have to Buy from Companies
- LPS: Newsgroups and Similar Forums
- LPS: Internet Classifieds
- LPS: Sam's Stuff for Sale or Trade and Items Wanted
- LPS: Auctions
- LPS: Problem eBay Sellers
- LPS: Sam's eBay Horror Story #1
- LPS: Sam's eBay Horror Story #2
asdf
- LPS: Sam's eBay Horror Story #2
- LPS: Laser Sales and Service Companies
- LPS: Laser Diode Manufacturers, Part Numbers, and Specifications
- LPS: Laser and Optics Manufacturers and Suppliers
Diode Lasers
- DIO: Basic Characteristics, Structure, Safety, Common Types
- DIO: Introduction to Diode Lasers and Laser Diodes
- DIO: Examples of Common Laser Diodes
- DIO: Differences Between LEDs and Laser Diodes
- DIO: Comparisons of Diode Lasers with Other Types of Lasers
- DIO: Diode Laser Safety
- DIO: Typical Laser Diodes
- DIO: Laser Diode Construction
- DIO: Interpreting Laser Diode Specifications
- DIO: What About High Power Visible Laser Diodes?
- DIO: Melles Griot 9167-01008 Red 500 mW Laser Pumping Module
- DIO: And Those Really High Power Laser Diodes?
- DIO: And Those High Power Pulsed Laser Diodes?
- DIO: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Diodes (VCSELs)
- DIO: Optically Pumped Semiconductor Laser (OPSL)
- DIO: Coherent Sapphire OPSL Lasers
- DIO: Repairing a Coherent Sapphire Laser Head with Popped TEC
- DIO: Vertical Extended Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VECSEL)
- DIO: Protera 488 NECSEL Laser
- DIO: Frequency Doubling a Diode Laser
- DIO: Coherent D3 (Directly Doubled Diode) 430 nm Laser
- DIO: Furukawa Electric FITEL HPU50222 488 nm Doubled Diode Laser
- DIO: Stabilized Diode Lasers
- DIO: Ahura Stabilized Diode Lasers
- DIO: Laser Diode Light Bulbs?
- DIO: On-line Introductions to Diode Lasers
- DIO: Additional Laser Diode Information
- DIO: Beam Characteristics, Correction, Comparison with Other Lasers, Noise
- DIO: Beam Characteristics of Laser Diodes
- DIO: Measuring Laser Diode Beam Characteristics
- DIO: Correcting for Unwanted Laser Diode Beam Characteristics
- DIO: Laser Diodes with Built-In Beam Correction
- DIO: Laser Diodes with Built-In Drivers
- DIO: Beam Correction for Multimode Laser Diodes
- DIO: Coherence Length of Laser Diodes
- DIO: Coherence Time of Laser Diodes
- DIO: Temperature Dependence on Laser Diodes
- DIO: Comments on Laser Diode Noise and Suppression
- DIO: Diode Laser Modules and Laser Pointers
- DIO: Alternatives to Using Raw Laser Diodes
- DIO: A Brief History of the Laser Pointer
- DIO: Laser Pointer Specifications
- DIO: Equivalent Brightness Ratings and Laser Pointer Visibility
- DIO: What's Inside a Laser Pointer?
- DIO: Laser Pointers that Produce Multiple Patterns
- DIO: Orange, Yellow, and Green Light from Red Laser Pointer?
- DIO: Green (or Other Color) Laser Pointers
- DIO: Additional Precautions with Respect to Green DPSS Laser Pointers
- DIO: Comments on Souped Up Laser Pointers for Buyers and Sellers
- DIO: The Benefits of Cheap Laser Pointers for Modulation
- DIO: Difference Between Diode Laser Modules and Laser Pointers
- DIO: Sources for Inexpensive Diode Laser Modules
- DIO: How to Determine if You Have a Diode Laser Module
- DIO: Brightest Laser Pointer for Outdoor Use?
- DIO: Can I Boost the Power Output of a Laser Pointer or Diode Laser Module?
- DIO: What About Using Rechargeable Batteries in a Laser Pointer?
- DIO: Using an External Power Supply or Wall Adapter for a Laser Pointer
- DIO: Can I Increase the Life of a Laser Pointer?
- DIO: Electrical Modulation of a Laser Pointer or Diode Laser Module
- DIO: Optical Modulation of a Laser Pointer or Diode Laser Module
- DIO: Causes of Laser Pointer Output Power Changing When Directed at a Mirror
- DIO: Disassembling a Laser Pointer
- DIO: Problems with Really Cheap Laser Pointers
- DIO: Can a Fried Laser Pointer or Diode Laser Module be Repaired?
- DIO: Repair of Diode Laser Pointers
- DIO: Cleaning Diode Laser Module Optics
- DIO: Damage to Camera Sensor from Laser Pointer?
- DIO: Anatomy of Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes
- DIO: Opto Power Corporation Fiber-Coupled Laser Diode
- DIO: Opto Power Corporation High Power Fiber-Coupled Laser Diode
- DIO: Spectra-Physics Fiber-Coupled Laser Diode
- DIO: Spectra-Physics High Power Fiber-Coupled Laser Diode Bar
- DIO: Repairing a Shorted FCBar Module - Sort Of
- DIO: Replacment of a Damaged FCBar Fiberoptic Cable
- DIO: Low Power Visible and IR Laser Diodes
- DIO: Low Power Visible Laser Diodes
- DIO: CD player and Other Low Power IR Laser Diodes
- DIO: Example of Laser Printer Diode Laser Module
- DIO: CD Player/CDROM Drive Laser Diode Characteristics
- DIO: Hologram Laser Diodes
- DIO: Determining Characteristics and Testing of Laser Diodes
- DIO: Working with Laser Diodes
- DIO: Determining Characteristics of Laser Diodes Removed From Equipment
- DIO: Testing of Laser Diodes Using a Lab Power Supply
- DIO: Testing of Low Power Laser Diodes
- DIO: Determining the Laser Diode Pinout
- DIO: Powering Up the Laser Diode
- DIO: Limited Destructive Testing of Low Power Laser Diodes
- DIO: Measuring Laser Diode Current in Equipment
- DIO: Art's Comments on the Testing of Unidentified Laser Diodes
- DIO: Characteristics of Some Typical Low Power Visible Laser Diodes
- DIO: Testing of Violet Laser Diodes
- DIO: Testing of Telecom Laser Diodes
- DIO: Testing of CD, DVD, HD-DVD, and Blu-ray Burner Laser Diodes
- DIO: Testing of High Power Laser Diodes
- DIO: Identifying Connections On High Power Packaged Laser Diodes
- DIO: Determining Partial High Power LD Specifications Non-Destructively
- DIO: Determining High Power LD Specifications by Testing to Destruction
- DIO: Estimating Threshold Current of High Power Laser Diodes
- DIO: Characteristics of Some Typical High Power IR Platesetter Laser Diodes
- DIO: Testing of Really High Power Laser Diodes
- DIO: Characteristics of Some Really High Power IR Diode Lasers
- DIO: Methods of Sensing IR
- DIO: IR Detector Circuit
- DIO: Testing of Some Selected Laser Diode and Driver Combinations
- DIO: Testing the Toshiba TOLD9421 with the iC-Haus WJB Driver
- DIO: Testing the NVG D660-5 with the NVG NS102 Driver
- DIO: Testing the NVG D660-5 with the iC-Haus IC-WK Driver
- DIO: Use of Salvaged CD Laser Diodes, Replacement, Substitution
- DIO: Reasons to Leave the CD Laser Diode in the Optical Block
- DIO: Replacing a Laser Diode of Unknown Specifications
- DIO: Substituting One Type of Laser Diode for Another
- DIO: Removing the Cover from a Laser Diode
- DIO: Laser Diode Life, Damage Mechanisms, COD and ASE, Drive, Cooling
- DIO: Laser Diode Life
- DIO: How Can I Tell if My Laser Diode has Been Damaged?
- DIO: How Sensitive are Laser Diodes, Really?
- DIO: Laser Diode Damage Mechanisms
- DIO: Variation in Laser Diode Damage Sensitivity
- DIO: What is ASE of Laser Diodes?
- DIO: Comments on Driving Laser Diodes Without Optical Feedback
- DIO: Frequency Response of Internal Photodiodes
- DIO: Cooling of Laser Diodes
- DIO: Comments on Pulsing of Common Laser Diodes
- DIO: Laser Diode Wavelengths, Spectra and Visibility of NIR Laser Diodes
- DIO: Wavelengths of Diode Lasers
- DIO: Spectra of Visible and IR Laser Diodes
- DIO: Visibility of Near-IR (NIR) Laser Diodes
- DIO: Spectral Width Measurements of Diode Lasers
- DIO: How LEDs Compare to Laser Diodes - Wavelengths, Spectrum, Power, Focus, Safety
- DIO: Wavelengths of Common LEDs
- DIO: Spectrum of LEDs
- DIO: Power Output of Common LEDs
- DIO: High Power LEDs
- DIO: Efficiency of LEDs
- DIO: Measuring Efficiency of LEDs
- DIO: Super Bright LEDs Versus Laser Diodes
- DIO: Why Can an LED Not be Focused Like a Laser Diode?
- DIO: Vision Safety Comparison of Laser Diode, LED, and Light Bulb
- DIO: Wavelength Shift of LEDs at High Current
- DIO: Other LED Information
- DIO: Availability of Green, Blue, and Violet Laser Diodes
- DIO: What's All the Fuss About?
- DIO: Comments on Short Wavelength Laser Diodes
- DIO: More Information on Short Wavelength Laser Diodes
- DIO: High Power 445 nm Laser Diodes
- DIO: An Ophthalmic Retinal Coagulator Laser System
Diode Laser Power Supplies
Helium-Neon Lasers
- HEN: HeNe Laser Characteristics, Applications, Safety
- HEN: Introduction to Helium-Neon Lasers
- HEN: Some Applications of a 1 mW Helium-Neon Laser
- HEN: HeNe Laser Safety
- HEN: Comments on HeNe Laser Safety Issues
- HEN: Theory of Operation, Modes, Coherence Length, On-Line Course
- HEN: Instant HeNe Laser Theory
- HEN: Summary of the HeNe Lasing Process
- HEN: Approximate Reference Values for the Red (632.8 nm) HeNe Laser
- HEN: Longitudinal Modes of Operation
- HEN: Mode Sweep
- HEN: Resonator Length and Mode Hopping
- HEN: Observing Longitudinal Modes of a HeNe Laser
- HEN: Waveforms and RF Spectrum of Longitudinal Modes
- HEN: Transverse Modes of Operation
- HEN: Multi-Transverse Mode HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Coherence Length of HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Ripple, Noise, and Other Artifacts in HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Longitudinal Mode Pulling
- HEN: Low Level Oscillation due to Mirror Birefringence
- HEN: What is Mode Locking?
- HEN: Cavity Dumped Pulsed HeNe Laser
- HEN: HeNe Laser Output Power Fluctuation During Warmup
- HEN: Plots of HeNe Laser Power Output and Polarized Modes During Warmup
- HEN: Mode Competition in Short HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Inhomogeneous Broadening in Neon and Mode Sweep
- HEN: Number of Longitudinal Modes at Other HeNe Wavelengths
- HEN: Intensity Stability of HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Stabilized Single Frequency HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Digital Control of Stabilized HeNe Lasers?
- HEN: Iodine Stabilized HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Stabilized HeNe Lasers at Other Wavelengths
- HEN: Reverse Incremental Efficiency of HeNe laser?
- HEN: Back-Reflections and HeNe Lasers
- HEN: On-line Introductions to HeNe Lasers
- HEN: HeNe Laser Tubes, Heads, Structure, Power Requirements, Lifetime
- HEN: Early Versus Modern HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Structure of Internal Mirror HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Gas Fill and Getter
- HEN: Mirrors in Sealed HeNe Tubes
- HEN: Mirror Reflectances for Some Typical HeNe Lasers
- HEN: More About HeNe Dielectric Mirrors
- HEN: Random and Linear Polarized HeNe Tubes
- HEN: Selecting a Random or Linearly Polarized HeNe Laser
- HEN: More on Random Polarized HeNe Lasers
- HEN: More on Mode Cycling in Short HeNe Lasers
- HEN: HeNe Mode Flipper Observations
- HEN: Polarization of Longitudinal Modes in HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Polarization Assymetry Test Bed
- HEN: Power Requirements for HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Operating Regions of a HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: HeNe Tube Dimensions, Drive, and Power Output
- HEN: Highest Power HeNe Laser?
- HEN: Boosting the Power Output of a HeNe Laser?
- HEN: Bare HeNe Tubes and Laser Heads
- HEN: HeNe Tube Seals and Lifetime
- HEN: An Older HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: HeNe Laser Pointers
- HEN: HeNe Lasers using External Mirrors
- HEN: A One-Brewster HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: Designing a Helium-Neon Laser Tube
- HEN: Parallel Plate HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: Wavelengths, Beam Characteristics
- HEN: HeNe Laser Wavelengths
- HEN: Exact Frequency/Wavelength of HeNe Lasers
- HEN: HeNe Laser Beam Characteristics
- HEN: Ghost Beams From HeNe Laser Tubes
- HEN: Other Spectral Lines in HeNe Laser Output
- HEN: Getting Other Lasing Wavelengths from Internal Mirror HeNe Laser Tubes
- HEN: Bruce's Notes on Getting Other Lines from Red (633 nm) HeNe Laser Tubes
- HEN: Miscellaneous Comments on Getting Other Lines from HeNe Laser Tubes
- HEN: About the Waste Beam from a HeNe Laser
- HEN: Magnets in High Power or Precision HeNe Laser Heads
- HEN: Effects of Magnetic Fields on HeNe Laser Operation
- HEN: Typical Magnet Configurations
- HEN: Internal Mirror HeNe Tubes up to 35 mW - Red and Other Colors
- HEN: Typical HeNe Tube Specifications
- HEN: HeNe Tubes of a Different Color
- HEN: Determining HeNe Laser Color from the Appearance of the Mirrors
- HEN: More on Other Color HeNe Lasers
- HEN: Steve's Comments on Superradiance and the 3.39 um HeNe Laser
- HEN: Viewing Spectral Lines in Discharge, Other Colors in Output
- HEN: Instant Spectroscope for Viewing Lines in HeNe Discharge
- HEN: Other Color Lines in Red HeNe Laser Output
- HEN: Demonstration HeNe Lasers, Weatherproofing
- HEN: Putting Together a Demonstration HeNe Laser
- HEN: The Ultimate Demonstration HeNe Laser
- HEN: Guidelines for a Demonstraton One-Brewster HeNe Laser
- HEN: Weatherproofing a HeNe Laser
- HEN: Interesting, Strange, and Unidentified HeNe Lasers
- HEN: When Your Laser Doesn't Fit the Mold
- HEN: Segmented HeNe Tubes
- HEN: Strange High Power HeNe Laser
- HEN: The Aerotech LS4P HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: A Really Old HeNe Laser
- HEN: The Dual Color Yellow/Orange HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: The Weird Three-Color PMS HeNe Laser Head
- HEN: The Weird Four-Color REO HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: The Ancient Hughes HeNe Laser Head
- HEN: The PMS/REO External Resonator Particle Counter HeNe Laser
- HEN: The Ohmeda Raman Gas Analyzer REO One-Brewster Laser
- HEN: The REO One-Brewster Particle Counter HeNe Laser
- HEN: The Keuffel and Esser 71-2615 Autocollimating Alignment Laser
- HEN: Far East HeNe Laser Tubes
- HEN: Bendix JL-1 RF-Excited HeNe Laser
- HEN: Melles Griot Dual Output Green HeNe Laser Tube
- HEN: Russian (USSR) OKG-13 HeNe Laser Head
- HEN: Russian (USSR) Two-Brewster HeNe Laser Plasma Tube
- HEN: Russian (USSR) OKG-11 Two-Brewster HeNe Laser Plasma Tube
- HEN: Bausch and Lomb HeNe Laser
- HEN: ENL-911 Two-Brewster HeNe Laser Head
- HEN: Unidentified Tube 1
Commercial Unstabilized HeNe Lasers
Stabilized HeNe Lasers
Commercial Stabilized HeNe Lasers
HeNe Laser Testing, Adjustment, Repair
HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Requirements, Types, Choices, Build or Buy, Safety
- HPS: Basic HeNe Laser Power Supply Considerations
- HPS: So Many Choices
- HPS: SAFETY when Dealing with HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Adding a Bleeder Resistor to a HeHe Laser Power Supply
- HPS: Construction Alternatives, Organization
- HPS: Constructing Your Own Power Supply
- HPS: Basic HeNe Laser Power Supply Organization
- HPS: RF or Microwave Power Supply for HeNe Laser?
- HPS: Neon Tube Power Supply for HeNe Laser?
- HPS: Using Commercially Available Power Supplies
- HPS: Powering Your HeNe Tube the Easy Way
- HPS: HeNe Laser Power Supplies and Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
- HPS: Compatibility Checklist for HeNe Laser Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Melles Griot HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Laser Drive HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Hughes HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Voltex HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Common Color Coding of Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Sample Color Coding of AC Input Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Sample Color Coding of DC Input Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Importance of Fusing Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Adapters for DC HeNe Laser Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Examples of the Use of Commercial Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: 1 mW HeNe Laser Powered by 12 VDC, 1 A Wall Adapter
- HPS: 2 mW HeNe Laser Using AC Line Operated Power Supply Brick
- HPS: Lab Style HeNe Laser Power Supply Using Power Supply Brick
- HPS: Initial Testing of HeNe Laser Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: HeNe Laser Power Supplies in Series or Parallel?
- HPS: Boosting the Current of a HeNe Laser Power Supply
- HPS: Reducing the Current of a HeNe Laser Power Supply
- HPS: Using a HeNe Laser Power Supply for Other Applications
- HPS: Ballast Resistors, Function, Selecting
- HPS: What is the Purpose of the Ballast Resistor?
- HPS: Locations of the Ballast Resistance
- HPS: Selecting the Ballast Resistor Using Your HeNe Tube
- HPS: Selecting the Ballast Resistor Using a Dummy Load
- HPS: Determining Characteristics, Fixed Current Considerations
- HPS: Determining the Compliance Range of a Power Supply
- HPS: Fixed Current Power Supply Considerations
- HPS: Power Supply Measurements, Testing, Repair
- HPS: Making Measurements on HeNe Laser Power Supplies
- HPS: Ballast Resistor Selector and Meter Box
- HPS: Testing a HeNe Laser Power Supply
- HPS: HeNe Laser Power Supply Repair
- HPS: Repairing HeNe Laser Power Supply Bricks
- HPS: Replacing a Regulator Stack with Resistors
HeNe Laser Power Supply Design
Complete HeNe Laser Power Supply Schematics
Argon/Krypton Ion Lasers
- ARG: Introduction, Acknowledgment, Ar/Kr Ion Laser Safety
- ARG: Introduction to Ion Lasers
- ARG: Equipment Using Argon Ion Lasers
- ARG: Mix and Match Ion Laser Components
- ARG: On-line Introductions to Argon Ion Lasers
- ARG: Acknowledgment for Ar/Kr Ion Laser Information
- ARG: Argon/Krypton Ion Laser Safety
- ARG: Additional Comments on Argon/Krypton Ion Laser Safety
- ARG: Basic Characteristics, Other Information Sources
- ARG: Basic Characteristics of 'Small' Argon Ion Lasers
- ARG: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Tube Electrical Characteristics
- ARG: Why Does an Ion Laser Tube use a Heated Cathode?
- ARG: Ion Laser Bore Temperature, Materials, and BeO Warning
- ARG: How Tube Dimensions (and Other Factors) Affect Output Power
- ARG: Photos and Diagrams of Some Air-Cooled Argon Ion Tubes
- ARG: Higher Power Ion Laser
- ARG: Compact Low Power Ion Laser?
- ARG: About Small Air-Cooled Ion Lasers with Huge Power Ratings
- ARG: Other Types of Ion Lasers
- ARG: More Information on Argon/Krypton Ion Lasers
- ARG: Ion Laser System Patents
- ARG: Wavelengths, Spectra, White Light Lasers
- ARG: Argon Ion and Krypton Ion Laser Wavelengths
- ARG: Effects of Optics on Laser Performance
- ARG: Single-Line and Multiline Output
- ARG: Etalons for Ion Lasers
- ARG: More Comments on Argon/Krypton Spectral Lines
- ARG: White Light Lasers
- ARG: Effect of Tube Pressure on White Light Ar/Kr Ion Laser Spectral Balance
- ARG: Ion Laser Dielectric Mirrors
- ARG: Comments on Brewster Window Seals
- ARG: Comparison of Power with Single-Line Versus Multiline Optics
- ARG: Substituting Optics Between Lasers
- ARG: Which Optics to Use on a Large-Frame Ion Laser
- ARG: How to Get 528 nm in an Argon Ion Laser
- ARG: Ion Laser Power Output and Efficiency
- ARG: Expected Output Power from Surplus or Previously Owned Ion Lasers
- ARG: Determining the Power Output of an Ion Laser
- ARG: Efficiency of Argon Ion Lasers
- ARG: On the Abysmal Efficiency of Ion Lasers
- ARG: A Typical Small Air-Cooled Argon Ion Laser - the ALC-60X/Omni-532
- ARG: Description of a Typical Air-Cooled Argon Ion Laser
- ARG: Photos of the Major Components of the ALC Model 60X Laser Head
- ARG: Physical Description of ALC-60X Laser Head
- ARG: Steve's Favorite Questions About the ALC-60X/Omni-532
- ARG: The Intracavity Prism
- ARG: Typical Behavior of Wavelength Tuning Assembly
- ARG: ALC-60X Tube Voltage and Life Expectancy
- ARG: About Those Extra Electrodes on Some ALC-60X Tubes
- ARG: Comparison of Argon and Krypton Ion Tube Characteristics
- ARG: The Larger Omni-543 Laser Head with Omni-160 Power Supply
- ARG: Converting a Small Air-Cooled Argon Ion Laser to Whitelight
- ARG: Comments on Omni White-Light Conversion
- ARG: Getting the Green Out of a Melles Griot 643-RYB-A01
- ARG: Boosting Air-Cooled Ion Tube Power Using Magnets?
- ARG: Power Limitation of Air-Cooled Tubes
- ARG: Notes on National Laser Corporation 60X Replacement Tubes
- ARG: Comments on Conversion to Single Frequency Operation
- ARG: Types of Air-Cooled Argon Ion Laser Tubes
- ARG: Comments on the ALC-60 Series Lasers
- ARG: Typical Small Water-Cooled Argon Ion Lasers - the Lexel Laser Models 75 and 88
- ARG: Description of a Typical Water-Cooled Argon Ion Laser
- ARG: Photos of the Major Components of the Lexel-75 Laser Head
- ARG: Lexel-75 Tube Voltage Versus Current
- ARG: Lexel-88 Tube Voltage Versus Current and Other Information
- ARG: Notes on Availability of These Lasers and Alternatives
- ARG: Comments on Lexel-88 Starting Procedure and Behavior
- ARG: Comments on Regassing Lexel White Light Ar/Kr Ion Lasers
- ARG: Maximizing Tube Life, Plasma Oscillations, Compatibility
- ARG: Tips for Maximizing Ion Laser Tube Life
- ARG: Idle or Shut Down Completely?
- ARG: Plasma Oscillations and Other Instabilities in Ion Lasers
- ARG: Compatibility Issues of ALC-60X and NEC Laser Heads and Power Supplies
- ARG: Powering Ion Laser Tubes that have Wet Anodes
- ARG: Gas Pressure Considerations for Ion Lasers
- ARG: When You Really Want an Ion Laser, Great Deals, and Other Tid-Bits
- ARG: Ross's Quest for an Argon Ion Laser
- ARG: Deal of the Week?
- ARG: A Strange Small Argon Ion Tube
- ARG: Descriptions of Assorted Ar/Kr Ion Lasers (Systems Related)
- ARG: The Really Strange Carson Dual Tube Ion Laser
- ARG: Lexel-95/Dye Laser Hybrid
- ARG: Spectra-Physics-161 Laser - More or Less
- ARG: Spectra-Physics-2021 Laser Head
- ARG: Albion Instruments Anesthesia Analyzer
- ARG: Power-On-Demand Medical Laser Conversion?
- ARG: HGM Argon Ion Medical Lasers
Ar/Kr Ion Laser Testing, Maintenance, Repair
- ATR: Introduction, Safety, Related Information
- ATR: Ion Laser Tender Loving Care
- ATR: Safety Issues When Troubleshooting Ion Lasers<
- ATR: Web-Site with Related Information
- ATR: Tube Life, Effects of Abuse, Failure Modes, Rebuilding
- ATR: Argon/Krypton Ion Laser Tube Life
- ATR: Maximizing Ion Tube Lifetime
- ATR: What Happens if the Tube is Run with Excessive Current (>10 A)?
- ATR: Filament and Discharge Voltages for Some Typical Air-Cooled Ion Lasers
- ATR: Failure Modes of Ar/Kr Ion Tubes
- ATR: Effects of Contamination on Ion Tube Life and Performance
- ATR: Getters in Ion Laser Tubes
- ATR: Notes on Gas Pressure and Effects on Ion Tube Performance
- ATR: More on Ion Laser Tube Cathode Characteristics
- ATR: Comments on Filament Temperature and Thermal Cycling
- ATR: Unsagging a Sagging Filament
- ATR: About the High Cost of Refills and Refurbs
- ATR: Ion Tube Rebuilding in Your Basement?
- ATR: Removing Contamination on the Inside of Brewster Windows
- ATR: Cyonics Tube, Testing, Hard-to-Start Tubes, Tube and Igniter Problems
- ATR: Cyonics Argon Ion Tube
- ATR: Cyonics/Uniphase Mirror Alignment
- ATR: Testing a Small Ar/Kr Ion Tube
- ATR: Preliminary Tests
- ATR: Initial Power Tests
- ATR: The Ultimate in a Bare Bones Test Supply
- ATR: Carl's Notes on Testing an Ion Laser Tube for the First Time
- ATR: High Pressure Tube Versus Power Supply Problems
- ATR: Hard-to-Start Ar/Kr Ion Tubes - Outgassing and Keeping Your Laser Healthy
- ATR: Notes on NEC Argon Ion Tubes
- ATR: Comments on Ion Tube Starting
- ATR: More on Oudin Coils
- ATR: BD-10 Anatomy and Repair
- ATR: Home-built Substitute for Oudin Coil
- ATR: Igniter Problems and Troubleshooting
- ATR: More on Diagnosing "Tick-Tick-Tick" Problems
- ATR: Mike's Omni-543 Revival Saga
- ATR: Comments on Ion Laser Filament Testing
- ATR: Any Hope for an Ar/Kr Ion Tube with a Broken or Damaged Filament?
- ATR: Running a High Power Ion Tube in Your Basement
- ATR: Replacements for NEC GLG Argon Ion Laser Tubes
- ATR: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Lasing Problems
- ATR: What Could Prevent an Internal Mirror Tube from Lasing?
- ATR: Laser Beam Varies in Intensity
- ATR: Laser Beam Shifts Position Erratically
- ATR: Tips for Potential Ar/Kr Ion Lasers Enthusiasts
- ATR: Caveat Emptor
- ATR: Argon Laser Anonymous
- ATR: Cleaning of Laser Optics
- ATR: What's the BIG Deal About Cleaning?
- ATR: Make Sure Your Mirrors Aren't Going to Dissolve!
- ATR: Chemicals and Supplies
- ATR: Optics Cleaning Procedure
- ATR: Wet and Wipe Method
- ATR: Drop and Drag Method
- ATR: Links to Other Similar Methods
- ATR: Polymer Based Optics Cleaning
- ATR: Vapor Phase Optics Cleaning
- ATR: Removing Dielectric Coatings?
- ATR: External Mirror Laser Cleaning and Alignment Techniques
- ATR: Lasers for Which These Procedures Apply
- ATR: Required Equipment and Other Stuff
- ATR: The Alignment Jig
- ATR: Initial Bore Alignment
- ATR: Cleaning the Optics
- ATR: Aligning the Rear Mirror
- ATR: Aligning the Front Mirror
- ATR: Powering up the Argon - Final Alignment
- ATR: Walking the Mirrors in External Mirror Lasers
- ATR: Peaking a Multi-Line Argon Ion Laser
- ATR: How Laser Manufacturers Align Lasers
- ATR: Caution when Adjusting Large-Frame Lasers
- ATR: Aligning a Coherent I-90 Argon Ion Laser
- ATR: Aligning a Trimedyne 900 Argon Ion Laser
- ATR: Additional Alignment Information
- ATR: Markus's Comments on Argon Laser Alignment
- ATR: Stephen's Tips for Mirror Alignment Without Using an Alignment Laser
- ATR: Multi-line Tuning
- ATR: Disks for Laser Alignment
- ATR: More on Mirror Adjustments
- ATR: Quick Alignment of Large-Frame Lasers on Optical Tables
- ATR: Optical Monitoring to Assist in Mirror Alignment
- ATR: Maintenance, Alignment, and Modifications of the ALC-60X Laser Head
- ATR: ALC-60X Hands-On
- ATR: Initial Inspection When You Get Your First ALC-60X
- ATR: Setup and Testing of a Newly Acquired ALC-60X
- ATR: General Cleaning of the ALC-60X
- ATR: ALC-60X Desiccant Bakeout Procedure
- ATR: ALC-60X Optics Cleaning
- ATR: ALC-60X Mirror Alignment Procedure
- ATR: Step 1: Setting Up the 60X and Alignment Laser
- ATR: Step 2: Centering the Tube
- ATR: Step 3: Aligning the HR-End
- ATR: Step 4: Aligning the OC-End
- ATR: Step 5: Hot Flashes
- ATR: Step 6: Fine Tuning
- ATR: Steve's Comments on Beam Optimization of ALC-60X Lasers
- ATR: Increasing Power Output of ALC-60X Lasers
- ATR: Using an Oudin Coil to Start a 60X Tube
- ATR: Refilling ALC-60X Tubes?
- ATR: Steve's Comments on ALC-60X Cooling, Line Drop Out, and Old or Rebuilt Tubes
- ATR: Dave's Comments on Testing and Tweaking of Omni-532/ALC-60X Laser Heads with Omni-150 Power Supplies
- ATR: Dave's Comments on Optics Cleaning and Tube Swapping
- ATR: Swapping Mirrors in ALC-60X Lasers
- ATR: Maintenance Information on Specific Ion Lasers
- ATR: Notes on the American Laser Model 68 Argon Ion Laser (ALC-68)
- ATR: Spectra-Physics Argon Ion Laser (SP-162) - Discussion
- ATR: Britt Pulsed Argon Ion Laser
- ATR: Description and Comments for Model 3260
- ATR: Frank's Acquisition of a Britt Ion Laser
- ATR: Discussion on Gas Adjustment
- ATR: Comments on Laser Ionics Ion Lasers
- ATR: Tests of Some JDS Uniphase/Cyonics Argon Ion Lasers
- ATR: Omni-543 and Omni-643 Laser Tube Voltage
- ATR: Discussion about Ion Laser Tube Condition and Operation
- ATR: Steve's Search for 752 nm
- ATR: Dave's Four Color RYGB ILT Laser Saga
- ATR: Nenad's Alignment of NEC 3030 Tunable Argon Ion Laser
- ATR: A's Revival of a Dynamic Laser 300 Krypton Laser
Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supplies
Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Design
- APD: Power Supply Circuits Intro, AC Line Front-Ends
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Circuits
- APD: Notation used in Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Diagrams and Schematics
- APD: Single-Phase 115 VAC Front-End
- APD: Single-Phase 230 VAC Front-End
- APD: Three-Phase 240/208 VAC Front-End
- APD: Regulators - Linear, Switchmode, Control
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Regulators
- APD: Series Pass Linear Regulators
- APD: Typical Linear Regulator Circuit
- APD: Linear Regulator Using Only Discrete Components
- APD: Linear Regulator Using IC
- APD: Interfacing to the Line-Connected Circuitry
- APD: Series Pass Switchmode Regulators
- APD: Typical Switchmode Regulator Circuit
- APD: Switchmode Regulator Controller
- APD: Hall-Effect Current Sensor (CS)
- APD: Protecting Pass-Banks from Catastrophic Failures
- APD: Inverter Type Circuit, Example From Microwave Oven
- APD: Basic Inverter Type Power Supply
- APD: High Frequency Inverter Type Microwave Oven HV Power Supplies
- APD: Multiple Loop Controller, Light Feedback, Overcurrent Trip
- APD: Multiple Loop Controller Organization
- APD: Light Control Circuitry
- APD: Overcurrent Shutdown Circuit
- APD: Igniters, Pulse, Resonant, Bypass, High Current High Voltage Diodes
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Tube Pulse Type Igniter
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Tube Resonant Igniter
- APD: An Unusual Arc Lamp or Ion Laser Igniter
- APD: Alternative Starting Circuits for Small Ar/Kr Ion Tubes
- APD: Filament and Low Voltage Supplies, Line Frequency Clock
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Tube Filament Power Supply
- APD: Low Voltage Power Supplies
- APD: Requirements, Safety, Protection, Switches, Indicators
- APD: Basic Requirements for a Hobbyist Power Supply
- APD: Required Safety/Protection Features
- APD: Typical Interlock Chain Wiring
- APD: Control Logic and Power Switching
- APD: User Switches and Indicators
- APD: Interlock and Thermostat Switches and Indicators
- APD: Component Selection and Construction Considerations
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Component Selection
- APD: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Construction Considerations
- APD: Special Parts 1 - Low Ohm Resistors, HV High Current Diodes
- APD: Constructing Low Ohm High Power Resistors
- APD: Construction of HV High Current Blocking Diodes
- APD: Special Parts 2 - Relay Drivers, Indicators
- APD: Relay Drivers
- APD: Driving Relays with AC Coils
- APD: Driving Relays with DC Coils
- APD: 115 VAC Indicators
- APD: Interlock and Protector Indicator
- APD: Visual Capacitor Bleeder Circuit
Complete Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Schematics
Carbon Dioxide Lasers
Helium-Cadmium Lasers
Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Introduction, Basic Characteristics, Safety, Links to Other Information
- SSL: Introduction to Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Common Types
- SSL: Power Output - Pulsed and CW
- SSL: Efficiency of Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Miniature to Monster
- SSL: Microchip Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers
- SSL: What Ultimately Limits Output from SS Laser
- SSL: Solid State Laser Safety
- SSL: Comments on Surplus Solid State Lasers and Components
- SSL: Other Sources of Information on Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Acknowledgments for SS Laser Information
- SSL: Basic Structure of Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Cavity Components
- SSL: Power Sources
- SSL: The Solid State Lasing Medium
- SSL: Shapes and Sizes
- SSL: Laser Materials - Ruby, Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO4, Nd:Glass
- SSL: Comments on Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, and Nd:YVO4
- SSL: First Nd:YAG, Now Nd:YVO4, Next Nd:LSB
- SSL: Exact Wavelengths of Vanadate and YAG Lasers
- SSL: Comments on Nd:KGW and NYAB
- SSL: Power Output versus Wavelength for Vanadate and YAG
- SSL: Types of Nd:Glass
- SSL: Manufacture of Synthetic Ruby Crystals
- SSL: Gem Stones from SS Laser Material?
- SSL: Diamond for Solid State Lasers?
- SSL: Ceramic Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Optical Pump Sources
- SSL: Xenon Flashlamps
- SSL: Interpreting Xenon Flashlamp Specifications
- SSL: EG&G 1300 Series Linear Flashlamp Specifications and Links
- SSL: Useful Equations for Flashlamp Selection and PFN Design
- SSL: Flashlamp Simmering
- SSL: Comments on Flashlamp Drive Limits and Effects
- SSL: Flashlamp Failure Behavior and Causes
- SSL: About Flashlamp and Arc Lamp Polarity
- SSL: Testing Flashlamps and Arc Lamps
- SSL: Flashlamp and Arc Lamp Manufacturers and References
- SSL: Continuous Arc Discharge lamps
- SSL: High Power Laser Diodes
- SSL: Other Pump Sources
- SSL: Bob's Comments on Halogen Lamp Pumped Lasers
- SSL: Links to Info on Solar Pumped Lasers
- SSL: Resonator Mirrors
- SSL: Mirror Types and Alignment
- SSL: Using Gas Laser Mirrors in a SS Laser?
- SSL: Lasing Without Mirrors
- SSL: Q-Switching
- SSL: What is Q-Switching?
- SSL: Mechanical Q-Switching
- SSL: Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Q-Switching
- SSL: Optical/Passive Q-Switching
- SSL: Pulse Energy Considerations in Q-Switched DPSS Lasers
- SSL: Frequency Changers
- SSL: Frequency Multiplication
- SSL: Monolithic DPSSFD Lasers
- SSL: Selecting Type and Size of SHG Crystal
- SSL: Discussion of the Harmonic Generation Process
- SSL: Phase Matching for Harmonic Generation
- SSL: Phase Matching Acceptance Angle
- SSL: Intra-Cavity Versus External Frequency Multiplication
- SSL: Converting a Medical Laser YAG to SHG Operation
- SSL: Optical Parametric Oscillators
- SSL: SNLO - A Program to Help in Selecting Non-Linear Crystals
- SSL: Non-Linear Optical Effects in Liquids?
- IOI: Non-Linear Crystal Environmental Considerations
- SSL: Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers
- SSL: What are DPSS Lasers?
- SSL: Frequency Multiplication of DPSS Lasers
- SSL: End-Pumping Versus Side Pumping of a DPSS Laser
- SSL: Comments on the Materials in DPSSFD Lasers
- SSL: Why Laser Diodes are Not Frequency Doubled Directly
- SSL: A First Generation Green Laser Pointer
- SSL: Techniques to Improve the Efficiency of a Green DPSS Laser Pointer
- SSL: The Edmund Scientific Model L54-101 Green Laser Pointer
- SSL: Anatomy of an Inexpensive Green Laser Pointer 1
- SSL: Anatomy of an Inexpensive Green Laser Pointer 2
- SSL: Anatomy of an Inexpensive Green Laser Pointer 3
- SSL: Anatomy of a 3 mW Green DPSSFD Laser
- SSL: Measurements on a Cheap Green DPSS Laser Pointer
- SSL: Failure Analysis of a 3 mW Green DPSSFD Laser Module
- SSL: Steve's Comments on the Quality of Green Laser Pointers and Small DPSSFD Lasers
- SSL: Increasing Output Power of Small DPSSFD Laser
- SSL: What is the Difference Between Green and Blue DPSSFD Lasers?
- SSL: Bob's Comments on Quality and Cost of DPSS Lasers
- SSL: Kevin's Comments on Inexpensive DPSS Lasers
- SSL: DPSS Laser Efficiency
- SSL: Doping Levels of Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO4, and Ruby
- SSL: Pump Polarization Considerations for DPSS Lasers
- SSL: LED Pumped DPSS Laser?
- SSL: DPSS Ruby Laser?
- SSL: DPSS CW Ruby Demonstration Laser
- SSL: Direct Modulation of DPSS Lasers
- SSL: Wavelength Shift of DPSSFD Laser
- SSL: Amplitude Noise in DPSS Lasers
- SSL: DPSS or Diode Laser?
- SSL: Additional Information Related to Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Laser and Optics Crystalline Materials
- SSL: Instant Primer on Crystal Axis Terminology
- SSL: Types of KTP and Growth Methods
- SSL: Pump Range, Output Wavelengths, and Thresholds for Various Materials
- SSL: Color of Common Lasing Crystals
- SSL: Mark's Comments on Ruby Laser Pump Power and Cavity Reflectors
- SSL: Pulsed Ruby Laser Questions and Comments
- SSL: CW Ruby Laser?
- SSL: John's Notes on Er:YAG Lasers
- SSL: What is a Zig-Zag Crystal?
- SSL: Comments on Erbium Lasers
- SSL: Natural Ruby Crystal for Solid State Laser?
- SSL: Choice of Lamp Pumped or Diode Pumped Solid State Laser
- SSL: Thermal Lensing in SS Lasers
- SSL: CO2 Gas Input to SS Laser
- SSL: Thin Disk High Power Solid State Lasers
- SSL: Solid State Fiber Lasers
- SSL: Inheriting a Ti:Sapphire or Similar Laser
- SSL: Early Ruby Laser Rangefinder
- SSL: Micro Laser Rangefinder Using Disposable Flash Pumped Nd:YAG and OPO
Commercial SS Lasers
SS Laser Testing, Adjustment, Repair
SS Laser Power Supplies
Complete SS Laser Power Schematics
Amateur Laser Construction
Vacuum Technology for Home-Built Gas Lasers
The Home-Built Laser Assembly and Power Supply
Home-Built Laser Types, Information, and Links
Home-Built Helium-Neon (HeNe) Laser
Home-Built Pulsed Argon and/or Krypton (Ar/Kr) Ion Laser
Home-Built Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser
Home-Built Nitrogen (N2) Laser
Home-Built Helium-Mercury (HeHg) Laser
Home-Built Copper Chloride (CuCl) and Copper Bromide Laser
Home-Built Dye Laser
Home-Built Pulsed Multiple Gas (PMG) Laser
Home-Built Pulsed Solid State (PSS) Laser
Home-Built Diode Pumped Solid State (DPSS) Laser
Go to top of Sam's Laser FAQ Comprehensive
Table of Contents.
Back to Home Page.
Sam's Laser FAQ, Copyright © 1994-2022,
Samuel M. Goldwasser, All Rights Reserved.
I may be contacted via the
Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ
Email Links Page.